If you’ve suspected you gain more benefits from your workouts depending on the time of day you complete them, your hunch might be right. In the past, studies have found that the time of day you work out can play a role in anything from weight loss to how productive you are afterward. And now, according to new research, whether you work out in the morning or at night can influence mood, physical performance, and cardiometabolic health—and these pay-offs can vary depending on your gender. (Please note that the researchers only included cisgender individuals in this study.)Researchers studied 56 highly active men and women, ages 25 to 55, for 12 weeks to help identify the most effective and feasible time of day to exercise. During this period, participants practiced the PRISE nutrition and training program designed by Paul J Arciero, Ph.D., lead researcher, and director of the human nutrition, metabolism and performance laboratory at Skidmore College, along with his colleagues. The PRISE program requires participants to exercise four days a week, focusing on a different training modality each day, including resistance training, interval sprints, stretching or endurance training. The program also requires following a strict diet.All participants practiced each workout for an hour or less, except for the endurance-focused workouts, which participants were allowed to practice for an hour or more. All groups completed the same type of exercise on the same day, under the direction of certified fitness professionals. On interval sprint days and endurance days, participants practiced a sport of their choice like going on an elliptical, riding a stationary bike, rollerblading or cycling outdoors.Participants designated to the morning group worked out between the hours of 6:30 a.m. and 8:30 a.m. and those in the evening group exercised between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. Though nutrition wasn’t the main focal point of this study, says Arciero, participants did follow a strict diet. Men and women in all groups met with a registered dietitian and were given a 12-week meal plan to follow. On resistance training days, participants in all groups ate a small snack one hour before training. On stretching, endurance, and interval days, morning participants arrived fasted, but hydrated, and evening participants were also hydrated and fasted for four hours.Morning participants were instructed to eat breakfast after workout sessions and subsequent meals in four-hour increments. Evening participants were instructed to eat four meals a day in four-hour increments, with the last meal eaten within an hour of completing exercise. On rest days, all participants were instructed to eat breakfast within an hour of waking and following meals within those four-hour intervals. They consumed the last meal two hours before bed. In the beginning, Arciero says, many of the participants who were active for more than four days a week were reluctant to cut back on their workouts. But that all changed once they started noticing improvements in their performance. "They were realizing that the bottom line is all about the quality of the exercise experience, as opposed to the quantity," he said.The program was inspired by the exercise recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine, he says, but it was designed so that people can maintain a healthy active lifestyle that works around their work and family schedules.In the end, for women, morning exercise reduced total body and abdominal fat, decreased blood pressure, and improved lower-body muscle power, while evening exercise enhanced mood, as well as improved upper-body strength, power and endurance. “The likely reasons why women lose total-body and belly fat with morning exercise is because the body is in a more favorable hormonal state (lower insulin levels) which favors burning body fat as an energy source,” Aciero says. Whereas evening exercise is associated with building muscular strength and power because the body is in a favorable hormonal and metabolic state, he says, which contributes to improving overall mood because it acts as a “de-stressor” at the end of the day for both women and men.Men who worked out in both groups had improvements in mood and physical performance and decreased both total and abdominal body fat. But for those in the evening group, exercise had greater improvements in lowering systolic blood pressure, decreasing fatigue and stimulating fat oxidation when compared to the morning group.The body and heart are better prepared for the exercise later in the day than in the early morning due to certain metabolic factors in men, says Aciero. This is the reason evening exercise helps with enhancing heart health and lowering blood pressure.The bottom line: If you’re trying to achieve a specific goal like increasing upper body strength or decreasing blood pressure, then it’s worth considering the time of day you exercise. That’s because your body may react differently to an early morning ride or strength session versus a twilight workout. But what’s even more important to experience the effects of exercise: simply moving more, no matter what time of day that happens.

Shelly Frank, Registered Dietitian: "Planning healthy meals can sometimes be a challenge. We often hear that it is a struggle to provide balanced meals due to food cost or food waste.

Today, we're going to show you some healthy food choices that will help you save money and keep your kitchen stocked.

The "MyPlate" graphic can be used to build a healthy meal. Each section represents a different food group. We will go through each section and highlight cost-saving tips.

In general, buying in bulk, choosing store brands, buying on sale and in season are all good ways to save money.

Meal planning often starts with the protein group, which includes foods such as meat, chicken, fish, eggs and beans. Beans are budget-friendly and a good way to stretch your food dollar. They make a great addition to soups, stews and casseroles. Canned meats and fish are shelf-stable and can be substituted into most recipes.

For fresh meats, buy on sale or in bulk if your budget allows. Meats are easy to freeze. Or, cook a batch of meat that can be used in several meals for the week.

Eggs and peanut butter are healthy, low-cost proteins that are easy to add to meals or snacks.

Processed or instant grains are often not the healthiest options and tend to cost more. Choose longer-cooking grains like rice and cereal.

We recommend whole grains when choosing bread, rice and pasta for more fiber and nutrition.

Remember to compare prices when shopping. Choosing store brands will often save money.

Half your plate should be produce. Choose fresh fruits and vegetables that are in season. It will cost less and taste best. Buy the amount you can use before it spoils.

Convenience items like precut fruits and vegetables tend to cost more. Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables are healthy options available year-round. Choose fruit canned in 100 percent juice and low or no sodium canned vegetables.

In the dairy section, consider buying larger containers. Skip the sugar by choosing plain versus flavored milk. Pick plain yogurt or yogurts lower in sugar.

Planning ahead is key to staying on track with your food choices and budget. For more tips and ideas, please watch our grocery shopping and meal planning videos."

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The funding for these videos was in part provided by Master Han and the Han’s White Tiger Tae Kwon Do Annual Break-A-Thon. Thank you!

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